Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Controversy between Money and Love as shown in â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Rocking-Horse Winner is couched in the symbols of the ancient myths. The mother is poor, unsatisfied fairy princess who yearns for happiness; Paul is the gallant knight on horse-back who rides to her rescue (Junkins 261). The mythical aspect of the story is evident in the style and symbols. In the opening lines, the first seven words have a fable-like quality reminiscent of any number of fairy princess tales, yet the word advantages locates us in the atmosphere of the modern world, so does the word luck (Junkins 261). The reach of the symbolism is overwhelming, in some sense the story is â€Å"about† its literal, narrative level: the life of the family that chooses money instead of some more stable value, takes money as it’s nexus of affection. The first fault lay with the mother (Snodgrass 117). â€Å"There was a beautiful woman who started with all the advantages, yet she had no luck. She married for love, and the love turned to dust. She had bonny children, yet she felt they had been thrust upon her, and she could not love them† (Lawrence 1). The story continues to tell us of Hester, who is unable to love her children and is obsessed with money. â€Å"Only she herself knew that at the center of her heart was a hard little place that could not feel love, no, not for anybody.†(Lawrence 1) There were many problems in the household, one of which was a lack of love from the mother. As Lawrence wrote â€Å"Only she herself and her children themselves, knew it was not so. They read it in each other’s eyes† (Lawrence 1). During a conversation, Paul’s mother mentions that luck is, â€Å"what causes you to have money. If you’re lucky you have money. That’s why it’s better to be born lucky than rich. If you’re rich you may loose your money. But if you’re lucky you will always get more Forbes 2 money.†(Lawrence 1). The situation is then made worse by assuming that her misfortunes were caused by her marriage to an unlucky husband. â€Å"The father is clearly a failure as a provider and family-head, so much that we are scarcely conscious of his existence. And his failure is aggravated by the high social position the family tries to maintain (Koban 280). Lawrence tells us â€Å"the mother had a small income, and the father had a small income, but not nearly enough for the social position which they had to keep up.

A Socio-Demographic Characteristics

INTRODUCTION Demography is the scientific study of characteristics and dynamics pertaining to the human population. It is expanded to include education, income, the structure of the family unit, housing, race or ethnicity, and religion. The characteristics encompassed by this study include size, growth rate, density, vital statistics, and distribution of a specified population. People who study and record this information are referred to as demographers. Demographers must know both how to scientifically obtain information and how to interpret it relatively. Demography is widely used for various purposes and can encompass small, targeted populations or mass populations. Governments use demography for political observations, scientists use demography for research purposes, and businesses use demography for the purpose of advertising. In real estate, demography is employed to give clients an overview of specific neighborhoods. Statistical concepts essential to demography include birth and death rate, infant mortality rate, fertility rate, and life expectancy. These concepts can be further broken down into more specific data, such as the ratio of men to women and the life expectancy of each gender. A census helps provide much of this information, in addition to vital statistic records. In some studies, the demography of an area is expanded to include education, income, the structure of the family unit, housing, race or ethnicity, and religion. The information gathered and studied for a demographic overview of a population depends on the party utilizing the information. Advertising relies heavily on demography, since service and goods providers need specific information to reach the maximum number of potential customers in their target audience. Similarly, education relies on demography to help gather information to provide necessary governmental and local assistance. An example of large-scale demography is the collection of demographic information for an entire country. Such information might be used to determine a need for world assistance due to famine, disease, or other serious issues. Demography is an interesting science used to create statistics. Sociology, which is the study of society and social behavior, is an example of an independent area of study in which demography is frequently used. Economics is also a specific area of study employing the science of emography. Anyone can review basic information about the demography of the United States by reviewing the most recent US census. Moreover, this survey is important to know the Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Stakeholders of First Year Level in Caridad National High School. Objective of the study With our study getting on surveying the Socio-demographic Cha racteristics of the Stakeholders of First Year Level in Caridad National High School. School Year 2011-2012. This study is geared towards the attainment the following factors: a. Age is a period of human life. It is measured by years from birth, usually marked by a certain stage or degree of mental or physical development and involving legal responsibility and capacity. b. Gender is the sum of the structural and functional differences by which  the male and female are distinguished. c. Educational attainment is terms refer to the highest level of education that an individual has completed. d. Relationship of the students refers to the connection or association to the respondents whether the students is their son, daughter, relative and sister. e. Marital status the condition of being married or unmarried or single. . Occupation is a person's usual or principal work or business, especially as a means of earning a living. g. Monthly income is a convertible and callable (usually after a call protection period) shares that pay a fixed monthly dividend. Scope and Limitation of the study The following factors were studied: age; gender; marital status; relationshi p of the students; educational attainment; occupation and monthly income of the respondents. METHODOLOGY A. Locale and Time of the study This survey was conducted and worked on January 7-8, 2012 in Caridad and Hilapnitan Baybay City Leyte. B. Population Stakeholders in the covered area by this survey or the respondents are stakeholders in First Year Level at Caridad National High School. C. Instrumentation The main instrument that we are using in this research was the questioner and secondary data as well. The questions include the following factors: age; gender; marital status; relationship of the students; educational attainment; occupation and monthly income of the respondents. D. Procedure in Gathering Data The researchers in gathering the data made a procedure by this way: a. First, is making and creating some questions about the biography and aspects of the respondents. . Second, is going to their respective houses to conduct direct one-on-one interview. While asking and questioning there must be a picture for evidence. c. Lastly, after accomplishing and completing the data, tabulated result is made as well as the chart. E. Data Analysis Using simple analysis, the data were consolidated and compiled according to age, gender, m arital status, relationship of the students, educational attainment, occupation and monthly income of the respondents. It is presented in tables and different kinds of graph or charts. Result and Discussion A. Age Distribution Age distribution,  also called Age Composition,  in population studies, the proportionate numbers of persons in successive age categories in a given population. Age distributions differ among countries mainly because of differences in the levels and trends of fertility. a period of human life, measured by years from birth, usually marked by a certain stage or degree of mental or physical development and involving legal responsibility and capacity. As you can see in the table or graph below, the age 41-45 has the highest number of age which is 25% or 33 respondents in all both male and female. And that was closely followed with 23% or 30 numbers of respondents who belongs of the age of 46-50. But there are equal in frequency as well as the percentage which is 20 or 15% and the age of that are 26-35 and 55-61 years old. While the lowest percentage of 2 which is 22-25 years old. Table 1: Frequency distribution by age of the respondents. Age| Frequency| Cumulative Frequency| Percentage (%)| 22-25| 2| 130| 2| 26-35| 20| 128| 15| 36-40| 25| 108| 19| 41-45| 33| 83| 25| 46-50| 30| 50| 23| 55-61| 20| 20| 15| Figure 1: Chart of age distribution of the respondents B. Gender Distribution Gender is a sexual identity, especially in relation to society or culture. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behavior, activities and attributes that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women. The table below contains the division of the male and female stakeholders in first year level. In our result, there are 69 numbers of respondents who are female and there percentage is 53%. For the stakeholders of a male there are only 61 and 47 percent. And so, it means that there are many stakeholders in first year level at Caridad National High School. Table 2: Frequency distribution by gender of the respondents. Gender| Frequency| Cumulative Frequency| Percentage (%)| Male| 61| 130| 47| Female| 69| 69| 53| Figure 2: Chart of gender distribution of the respondents C. Marital status Marital status is the condition of being married or unmarried. Marital status studied in combination with other factors also reveals a marriage gap. A person's marital status indicates whether the person is married. Based on the result of the data regarding about their marital status, stakeholders who are married has 89% or 116 numbers of respondents and the unmarried parents are only 4. And a single mother or father is 10 only. Therefore, married stakeholders get the highest number in terms of marital status. Table 3: Frequency distribution by marital status of the respondents Marital Status| Frequency| Cumulative Frequency| Percentage (%)| Married| 116| 130| 89| Unmarried| 4| 14| 3| Single| 10| 10| 8| Figure 3: Chart of marital status of the respondents D. Relationship of the students A relationship is normally viewed as a connection between two individuals, such as a romantic or intimate relationship, or a parent–child relationship. Individuals can also have relationships with groups of people, such as the relation between a pastor and his congregation, an uncle and a family, or a mayor and a town. Out of the 130 respondents, 68 or 52% is their daughter and 57 or 44% is their son. And the relative is only 4, whereas their sister is only 1% or 1 number of students. It means that most of the stakeholders are their child is a girl. Table 4: Frequency distribution by relationship of the students to the respondents Relationship| Frequency| Cumulative Frequency| Percentage (%)| Son| 57| 130| 44| Daughter| 68| 73| 52| Relative| 4| 5| 3| Sister| 1| 1| 1| Figure 4: Chart of relationship of the students to the respondents E. Educational Attainment Distribution Educational attainment is a term commonly used by statisticians to refer to the highest degree of education an individual has completed. Educational attainment refers to the highest level of education that an individual has completed. As you can see in the table below, the highest level of educational attainment is high school graduate both male and female and followed by high school undergraduate. And in elementary undergraduate there are only 34 or 36% stakeholders. But in elementary graduate there are only 4 who graduated. In college level 10 of them are college undergraduate and 8 or 6% are college graduate. It means that there are only few stakeholders who graduated in college and also in elementary. Table 5: Frequency distribution by educational attainment with the respondents Educational Attainment| Frequency| Cumulative Frequency| Percentage (%)| Elementary Undergraduate| 34| 130| 26| Elementary Graduate| 4| 96| 3| High School Undergraduate| 35| 92| 27| High School Graduate| 39| 57| 30| College Undergraduate| 10| 18| 8| College Graduate| 8| 8| 6| Figure 5: Chart of educational attainment of the respondents F. Occupation Distribution Occupation an activity that serves as one's regular source of livelihood; a vocation. An activity engaged in especially as a means of passing time; an avocation. A person's usual or principal work or business, especially as a means of earning a living. Based on the result of the data regarding about their occupation there are only few have a serious job and there are many have not. In father’s occupation the highest percentage is 19 or 15% which is the farmer and in mother’s occupation are 50 or 38% who are housekeeper only. It means that there are few who earn a big and high salary a month. Monthly income is connected with occupation of the stakeholders, because salary depend only the occupation of the respondents. Table 6: Frequency distribution by occupation of the father. Occupation of the father| Frequency| Cumulative Frequency| Percentage (%)| Fisherman| 4| 61| 3| Farmer| 19| 57| 15| Housekeeper| 3| 38| 2| Security Guard| 1| 35| 1| Automotive| 2| 34| 2| Baker| 1| 32| 1| Driver| 4| 31| 3| Laborer| 1| 27| 1| Carpenter| 5| 36| 4| Factory worker| 5| 21| 4| Construction| 2| 16| 2| Machinist| 1| 14| 1| Scrap buyer| 1| 13| 1| Maintenance| 1| 12| 1| Caregiver| 1| 11| 1| Mechanic Expeller| 2| 10| 2| Business| 2| 8| 2| Barangay Police| 2| 6| 2| Banana vendor| 1| 4| 1| Barber| 1| 3| 1| Furniture Maker| 1| 2| 1| Welder| 1| 1| 1| Table 6. 1: Frequency distribution by occupation of the mother. Occupation of the mother| Frequency| Cumulative Frequency| Percentage (%)| Housekeeper| 50| 69| 38| Manicurist| 1| 19| 1| Teacher| 2| 18| 2| Barangay Health Workers| 1| 16| 1| Banana Vendor| 2| 15| 2| Cooker| 1| 13| 1| Factory Worker| 3| 12| 2| Laundry Woman| 3| 9| 2| Business| 2| 6| 2| Market Vendor| 1| 4| 1| Babysitter| 1| 3| 1| Maid| 1| 2| 1| Barangay Secretary| 1| 1| 1| Figure 5: Chart of occupation of the father Figure 5. 1: Chart of occupation of the mother G. Monthly income Distribution Monthly income is a solemn binding promise to do, give, or refrain from doing something: signed a pledge never to reveal the secret; a pledge of money to a charity. The table and graph below contains the monthly income of the respondents that is range from 1000-20000 pesos. The table and graph show that 1000-1500 has the highest number of families which is 26 numbers in all and 10000-20000 has the lowest number of families which is 2 percent. It means that many families earn low salary in a month and there are imperceptible families who earn high emolument. And this is because of their occupation. Table 7: Frequency distribution by monthly income with the respondents Monthly income| Frequency| Cumulative Frequency| Percentage (%)| 1000-1500| 26| 70| 20| 2000-2500| 11| 44| 8| 3000-3500| 7| 33| 5| 4000-4500| 5| 26| 4| 5000-5500| 7| 21| 5| 6000-6500| 3| 14| 2| 7000-7500| 4| 11| 3| 000-9000| 2| 7| 2| 10000-20000| 5| 5| 4| Figure 7: Chart of monthly income of the respondents SUMMARY Demography is the scientific study of characteristics and dynamics pertaining to the human population. It is expanded to include education, income, the structure of the family unit, housing, race or ethnicity, and religion. The characteristics encompassed by this study include si ze, growth rate, density, vital statistics, and distribution of a specified population. Based on the interview, stakeholders in First Year Level at Caridad National High School are aging 22-61 years old and the highest percentage is 41-45. In educational attainment, it suggests that most of the stakeholders are high school graduate. For their gender, it explains that there are many stakeholders are male and in marital status, married stakeholders get the highest frequency. For their monthly income, it tells that most of the families have only earned 1000-1500 pesos in a month and this income is not enough for the families need. For the relationship of the students, stakeholders are supporting their son. For the occupation distribution, many stakeholders have no permanent or serious job like farmer for the male and housekeeper for the female. When the occupation of the parents is not permanent, then their monthly income also is not permanent or their salary is low. CONCLUSION Based from the data gathered and after a thorough analysis, it was concluded that 41-45 is the highest age of respondents. In educational attainment high school undergraduate and high school graduate are the highest. For the monthly income, 1000-1500 is the highest percent. And farmer and housekeeper are the highest range for the occupation of the stakeholders RECOMMENDATION Throughout the whole survey, commitment, dedication and hard work are strongly recommended. Without the said words, the research is not possible. Knowing that in a team, a group of people does not necessarily agree and are likes with one another. Problems, obstacles, hindrance, and arguments are always present yet this should not outweigh the commitment, dedication and hard work that are present. Also, effort and time management is very important. Effort and time management should always be present since without it the time allotted for the survey might be put to waste, thus having problems, hindrance and obstacles in the later on. Reference * http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-demography. tm * http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/demography * http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/8904/age-distribution * http://www. thefreedictionary. com/marital+status * http://www. census. gov/hhes/socdemo/education/ * http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Occupation_distribution_of_India_in_various_sectors_-_primary_secondary_and_tertiary * http://www. answers. com/topic/demography * L ibres Jocelyn, Castro Arche, Santianez Marjorie, Bandialan Irene, Avila Ritchie, Moreno Jovanie (Socio Demographic Characteristics of students) * Webster’s Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus (2009)

Women And Women s Rights - 2064 Words

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Some even state that in order for equality, we must discriminate, and in a way that is not negative, but merely an identifier for needs or requirements for a fulfilling and happy life. A very Utilitarian outlook, since everyone requires essentially the same things to make one’s life feel complete and rewarding, to provide gender equality would encompass the greater good for all involved. Delving into the workplace, we see that women are given maternity leave in the event of childbirth, which is required for recovery and to form the bond between mother and child.Show MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. 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The Philosophical Battle Of Free Will And Determinism

Genetic Determinism in Octavia Butler’s Dawn David Erickson ENG. 175: Race, Heredity, and Genetics Professor Lisa Klarr 9 December 2014 The philosophical battle of free will and determinism has been present for centuries, bringing with it a host of moral and ethical implications. However, since scientist’s production of the first recombinant DNA and its hybridization in 1972 (genome.gov) genetic determinism has taken on a new set of circumstances. â€Å"Since the 1970s, numerous authors have examined †¦ethical issues raised by the genetic modification of human beings† (Resnik Vorhaus, PMC), Octavia Butler being one of them. In her imaginative science-fiction novel, Dawn, she examines the idea of how genetic engineering†¦show more content†¦Free will, which also encapsulates environmentalism, says that behavior is not determined by genes and can be effected by environmental factors and therefore â€Å"assumes that we are free to choose our behavior† (simplypsychology.org). In the modern world, the free will and determinism debate has been somewhat reconciled since it has been found that both genes and the environment play a role in human behavior, allowing us to have some choice of who we are based on the environments that we choose to be in. It is now known that it is our genes which interact with the environment that makes us who we are, not the genes themselves (Jacobson, APA). Humans differ drastically from Oankali in the facet of socially and genetically based behavior, embodying both in their respective symbolism of free will and genetic determinism. Humans are social creatures. They pass along behaviors and learn new ones socially and culturally. For example, Lilith and the humans she awakens behave in a manner that is socially constructed, based on one another. This is also seen in Lilith’s desperation for contact with another human being to the point where â€Å"It became irrationally important for her to do two things: First, talk to a human being†¦one who knew more than she had managed to learn† (57). This illustrates not only the

Protection Of Individual Property Rights - 1689 Words

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Advertising and News Environment in Media Communications Free Essays

The advertising and news environments in media communications are catered to the interests of the targeted audience. Companies advertise toys on channels that children watch as a means of influencing them to ask their parents to buy a specific item. Advertisements on a channel that broadcasts programs about the outdoors will have the products that are most interesting to people who enjoy the outdoor experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising and News Environment in Media Communications or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"This language of advertising, although less apparent to communicator and audience alike, is firmly anchored to cultural norms and often says more about a society’s psyche than the more obvious stereotypes of content† (Unwin, 1974, p. 4). The news environment in media communications is often more diversified because people who watch the news often belong to a wider variety of consumers from teenagers to parents. The concept of media planning is important so that the advertisements reach the company’s targeted audience. â€Å"The purpose of media planning is to conceive, analyze, and creatively select channels of communication that will direct advertising messages to the right people in the right place† (Arens, 2009, p. 280). To gain a better understanding about the decision made by the advertising and news environments in the industry of media communications, it is necessary to determine the influence of advertising and news on society. Commercials often focus on introducing a product or service to the public, or providing subliminal messages inspiring brand loyalty whereas the information from a news press release provides vital information about upcoming events to both the internal and external publics of an organization. During the â€Å"Anderson Cooper 360 degrees† talk show, the advertisements seemed to focus on regular advertisements, but one of the major focuses was cellular devices. This segment covered the latest information available on the George Zimmerman, Treyvon Martin case. The controversy associated with the cellular phone calls placed by George Zimmerman and Treyvon Martin prompted cellular companies to attempt to capitalize on the focus of cellular phones. The most dominant advertising force during the program was the computer and electronic device giant Apple Inc. The iPhone 5 advertisement’s intentions were to continue to establish the Iphone as the best option for smart phone users. In June 2007, the Apple Corporation released one of the newest smart phones with the intentions of crushing the efforts of its competition including the creators of the Blackberry and Android cellular phones. The targeted audience was cellular customers who wanted more from their smart phones. The ad reads â€Å"Touching is believing† encouraging people to enjoy the benefits of a cellular phone, iPod, and computer compatible with Apple computers both laptops and desktops. The effect of the advertisement is intended to spark interest in its targeted audience and continues to establish brand loyalty during this cellular phone revolution. The commercial that ran almost every commercial break implies that at this point nothing else matters but trying the new iPhone 5, upgrading a person’s cellular phone experience, and an attempt to divert the attention of one of the newest cellular devices, the Galaxy S4. The advertisements for the Galaxy S4 focused on the phone’s ability to send messages, search the Internet, and use social networking websites during on a phone call. Was this another subliminal message that focused on the phone conversation that Treyvon Martin was on during the altercation ? If he had a better phone could he have altered someone about the guy following him before it was too late. Regardless of the intentions, specific, or indirect, of the Galaxy S4 the actions influenced by the agenda setting theory used by the company focused on the differences between the Galaxy S4 and the iPhone. These differences are often the determining factor between why a person picks one product over another. Even though an issue in the George Zimmerman case was the issue of the cellular phone conversation, the majority of the commercials were not directly related to the news story contained in the program. The news environment associated with the program â€Å"Anderson Cooper 360 degrees†, focused on the objectivity of the jury on the evidence presented in the case. The information presented had a balanced approach to the situation because some guests sided with the family of the victim whereas others were focused on the issue of self-defense. This balanced pproach questioned issues such as sensationalism, persuasion, and journalistic ethics. Because this case is a sensitive subject sparking questions of racial profiling, self-defense, and the protocol of a neighborhood watchman there were many issues intended to catch the attention of the audience. One area of focus were the laws associated with self-defense in the state of Florida. â€Å"These laws, commonly referred to as castle laws, stand-your-ground laws, or shoot first, ask questions later laws, have the common feature of strengthening legal protections for those use deadly force in self-defense† (Holliday, 2012, p. 07, para. 1). The â€Å"shoot first, ask questions later† approach of George Zimmerman was criticized because of the recording of the phone call where the 9-11 operator told Zimmerman not to follow the individual. One of the major points of Anderson Cooper was that even though George Zimmerman had the right to protect himself, he was instructed to leave the situation alone because a police unit was on the way to investigate the so-called suspicious individual. Had Mr. Zimmerman followed the instructions he would have been in a situation in which he believed he had to defend himself. CNN’s program, â€Å"Anderson Cooper 360 degrees† focused on the sensitive elements and evidence associated with the George Zimmerman case. The program touched on the areas of objectivity, persuasion, sensationalism, and self-defense. The commercials had an indirect association with the information provided in the program. The frequent advertising of cellular devices was a subliminal tactic to establish brand loyalty, and make users question, or appreciate their current cellular phone carriers. However, outside the phone conversations held by Treyvon Martin with a friend, and George Zimmerman with the 9-11 operator the commercials during the program were random focusing on the average audience member’s interest. The news environment portrayed a surprising balance of opinions whereas the guests focused on the facts, laws, and any situational analysis conducted on the evidence available for the George Zimmerman case. The influence of advertising and news on society has a general approach with subliminal sodalities. How to cite Advertising and News Environment in Media Communications, Papers

Application of Principal Agent Relationship

Question: Discuss about the Application of Principal Agent Relationship. Answer: Introduction An agency is a type of a relationship that exists between two individuals. That is the agent and the principal. The primary purpose of the agent is to create contracts with a third party on behalf of the principal (Adamson, Morrison, 2016). In any case, a third party could be an employee or just an independent contractor. For example, in a supermarket, the cashier executes transactions on behalf of the supermarket. Actually, the customer doesnt enter into the contact with the cashier, but the contract is the between the customer and the supermarket. This study examines two different cases. In the first place, the study would look at a case where a de facto relationship is presumed to create an agency. The second one is an analysis of a case where an employee drags the employer to a case through apparent authority. This issue takes us to the root of the agency by presumption. Stone in (Stone, 2005) explained this agency as the agency that arises wherever a man and a woman are living together in a household. In (Campbell Dennis, 2009, p 56) the study found that two parties can create an agency by presumption or cohabitation. This type is agency exists through presumption that if a man and a woman are living in a de facto relationship, the woman is presumed to be an agent and can pledge the mans credit for necessaries. The same case would work for Rodney and Penelope. Rodney would be presumed to have the authority from Penelopes in acquiring the house necessaries so that both of them can keep up with their social status. Notably, necessaries are things like food, medical attention, and clothing. All things considered, these are mainly things that help in keeping their familys social status standing (Miss Gray Ltd .v Earl Cathcart, 1922). Another point to note is that the presumption of the agency only exists in the cases of cohabitation but not in marriage. After all, there is also a chance for invalidating this agency. For example, the husband can refute the authority if he expressly Had forbidden the wife from pledging credit. Had warned the supplier from supplying the goods to the wife. If wife already had sufficient supply of the goods earlier The wife had be provided with enough allowance to purchase such goods When the order was in excess even though it was necessary. However, if the husband had been paying for the bills to one supplier, the presumed agency of the wife will withstand and the only chance to escape liability is expressly warning the supplier. So to avoid paying for this $2500 microwave, Penelope should have warned the supermarket. So he doesnt have a choice rather than just pay. Adams Suing MODO after Dismissing the Lease A contract formed by an agent with a third party is as binding as when made with the principal under the doctrine of apparent authority (Carper, McKinsey, West, 2007). The same case applies to MODO sending Tim to search for an office but instead he exceed to acquiring a lease agreement. The main issue here is that Tim represented MODO to Adam, he made Adam believe that he has been sent to represent him in all the matters including entering into a contract. Apparent authority can be actual, expressed or implied, Plus, it could also happen by estoppel. Concerning this case, this study will lean towards apparent authority, the authority that Tim had and misused to an extent of drawing MODO to the case. Markedly, if it happens that the third party will rely on that representation; its no doubt that the principal will then be bound by any of the actions of the agent. So, MODO would be bound by the lease agreement, and this is because Tim made Adam believe that the Tim was there on behalf of Modo. In (Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council v Racing UK Ltd, 2005), the court ruled that Mr Sanderson had apparent authority to bind the council the the contract. The case applies to MODO, Tim had apparent authority to bind MONDO to the agreement. For the sake of efficiency in transaction, there would be a demand to overlook the limits to express or implied authority. In other words, the law of agency should not be limited to only cases where the principal and agent relationship exist formally on the basis of either explicit or implied instructions. This one is the exact need to have apparent authority to substantially decrease the costs that would arise if inquiries have to be made to the principal every time a transaction is needed that where its terms are not included with the actual authority (Jones, Sufrin, 2016). However, the understanding of apparent authority has been battling with the misconduct of the agents. There are instances where an agent through apparent authority has committed fraud or mistakes drawing the principal into the suit. Nevertheless, the courts have always reasoned to prevent the misconduct of the agent from enrichment and fraud as in In (Skandinaviska Enskilda v. Asia Pacific Breweries, 2011). In this case, the Court quashed the reasoning that the defendants finance director had apparent authority to undertake the money that the plaintiff had given him. Role Of Apparent Authority To Establishing The Scope Of The Agents Power To Bind The Principal With Third Parties The agents action can totally bind the principal to a third party even though the apparent authority is not bona fide express or implied (Baze, 2015). The main reason is that the law of agency functions in the scope where trust in transactional activities is paramount. In the modern business world, the primary purpose of agency relationships is creating an efficient way through which a corporation can function and enter into business contracts. As a result, the law of agency has evolved to create the concept of apparent authority. This doctrine enables an agent who seems to have authority the capabilities of binding the principal, and in particular where the third party enters into a contract with the agent believing that the principal conferred such authority to the agency. This reasoning was held in (Ermoian v. Desert Hospital, 2007) where the court held that In the medical context, vicarious liability has been extended to a hospital entity under a theory of ostensible agency for t he acts of nonemployee physicians who perform services on hospital premises For instance, a case can happen where agent wont be authorized to sell an item on behalf of the principal. However, prior to the principals withdrawing the authority to sell, he had been allowing his agents to act for him by selling, including selling to the third party. Also, the third party has the knowledge that the principal had been allowing the agents to sell in the past. This past conduct deprives the third party a chance to an assumption that the agent doesn't have the authority to sell. In such a situation, a proper conclusion is that there is no actual authority for the agents to sell, but there may be authority due to the previous conduct of the principal in allowing them to sell. Apparent authority can arise in the cases where an agency relationship expired, but the third party doesn't have such knowledge. It can also arise after the termination or limitation of actual authority, yet the principal didn't communicate effectively (Kleinberger, 2008). Still, an apparent authority may occur even where there has been an established agency relationship forged between the agent and principal. In law, ostensible authority originates from estoppel (Ghaly, Wilken, 2012), but there are still substantial differences to distinguish the two. The concept of apparent authority allegedly comes into force to protect third parties. A valued explanation of this point is derived from (Bevans, 2007, p. 29) where the study stated that when a principal creates an impression that someone is empowered to act on his or her behalf, when, in reality, that person has no such authorization, the courts will intervene and supply the missing elements of the agency relationship. Courts have created the doctrine of apparent authority in order to prevent principals from escaping the obligations that they have created. Under this theory, a principal will be bound by the authority that he or she apparently transferred to the agent, even if this transfer was never actually completed. In the establishment of estoppels that would aid in apparent authority, the law would require the following reasons. The first one is a representation from the principal by words or conduct that the agent has authority. This fact was applied in (Rama Corp Ltd v. Proved tin General Inv. Ltd, 1952). In this case, the court laid out all the fundamentals that lead to the apparent authority using the concept of estoppels. By and large, the court provided that three features for the apparent authority to exist. In (Baskind, 2015), the law require the principal to make the representation either by word or conduct contemplated to be acted upon, proof of reliance, and change of the legal position of the third party. The second one is that the principal must make the representation to the third party. Thirdly, the third party must prove that it relied on the misrepresentation hence it entered into the contract. After establishing the three conditions, it would be no doubt that the principal w ill be estopped from disputing the agency. Ultimately, its vital to note that the appearance of authority must have arisen from the principal's previous conducts. That is to say; no agent can create a representation without the principal's previous conduct and expect to bind the principal to the dealing as held in (Sigma Cable (Pte) Ltd v NEI Parsons Ltd, 1992) Concussion The purpose of this paper was to simplify the main principles of apparent authority. The goal was to outline of the creation and aspect of the said authority to bring out a better understanding. Therefore, there is always a need for agents to act with diligence and credibility to maintain their good relationship with the principal. Also, it can help in preventing the burden of cases when the third party sues the principal. References Adamson, J., Morrison, A. (2016). Law for Business and Personal Use (19th ed., p. 387). Cengage Learning. Stone, R. (2005). The modern law of contract. London: Cavendish. Campbell, D., Dennis, E.C. (2009). International Agency and Distribution Law: Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. Carper, D., McKinsey, J., West, B. (2007) Understanding the Law. Cengage Learning Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council v. Racing UK Ltd EWCA, Civ 999 (2005) Ermoian v. Desert Hospital 61 Cal. Rptr. 3d 754 (Cal. Rptr. 3d 754 ,2007) Rama Corp Ltd v. Proved tin General Inv Ltd, 2 QB 147, (1952) Skandinaviska Enskilda v Asia Pacific Breweries, 3 SLR 540. (2011) Sigma Cable (Pte) Ltd v NEI Parsons Ltd, 2 SLR 1087 (1992). Miss Gray Ltd V Earl Cathcart (1922) 38 TLR 562 Jones, A., Sufrin, B. (2016). EU competition law (6th ed., p. 753). Oxford, United Kingdom, UK: Oxford University Press. Baze, D. (2015). Common Law Of Agency. Supplemental Chapter For Oklahoma Real Estate Principles, 9. https://dx.doi.org/405-361-4602 Kleinberger, D. (2008). Agency, partnerships, and LLCs (3rd ed., p. 34). New York, NY: Aspen Publishers. Ghaly, K., Wilken, S. (2012). The law of waiver, variation and estoppel (3rd ed., p. 329). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bevans, N. (2007). Business organizations and corporate law (3rd ed., p. 29). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Baskind, E. (2015). Commercial law (1st ed., p. 176). Oxford University Press.